Forms Based Authentication (FBA) allows a web user to access a SharePoint site and get access to the relevant permissions normally imposed using the groups and permissions within SharePoint. This is basically done by creating a database outlining the necessary roles and permissions that SharePoint can lookup to define what sort of permissions the user has when they logged in externally.

Here is a good article that explains how to set up FBA – Forms Based Authentication in SharePoint 2010.

http://sharepointmagazine.net/technical/administration/setting-up-forms-based-authentication-in-sharepoint-2010

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